1, 18 The IP is similar in appearance to conventional cassettes and is not directly attached to a computer. CR and DDR mainly differ in the method of image acquisition.ĬR uses a detector, or image plate (IP), for image acquisition, an IP reader, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a computer and software programs to process the digital image. Instead, images may be adjusted and displayed on computer monitors. Both systems use conventional x-ray equipment (e.g., machine, table, grids), but eliminate the need for film, processing chemicals, and light boxes. 7, 14ĭigital radiography imaging systems include two basic types, computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DDR). 16 Using conventional analog techniques, standard portable radiographic units with 80 to100 kVp and 15 mA have produced reliable, diagnostic elephant foot radiographs. Intensifying screens in the form of film cassettes are used to convert x-rays to visible light to expose the film, because the film emulsion is more sensitive to light. X-rays are more likely to precipitate these crystals, which will cause a greater area of exposure than with a slower speed film, resulting in less image detail with high-speed films. High-speed films have crystals that are larger or more numerous. Film speed corresponds to the size or amount of silver halide crystals. The amount of precipitation is directly related to processed film blackness. After exposure to x-rays or light, the silver halide crystals precipitate and remain on the film during processing. 7, 8, 14 Recent advances in diagnostic medical imaging include the use of digital radiography (DR) for the clinical assessment of foot pathology in the captive elephant.Ĭonventional radiography produces images using film coated with a light-sensitive, silver halide–containing emulsion. To date, elephant foot radiography reports have focused on conventional analog radiography (AR) techniques. 9, 17 Annual examination of captive elephants are recommended by the North American Species Survival Plan (SSP), including foot radiography in elephants with chronic foot disease. 2, 5, 12, 13 Chronic foot disease that is unresponsive to medical and/or surgical management ultimately results in euthanasia. 4, 6, 10 Common foot problems encountered at the nail, skin, sole, or pad include penetrating injuries, trauma, cracks in the sole, nail, or cuticle, overgrown nail, sole, or cuticle, laminitis, ingrown nails, pododermatitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, fractures, dislocations, abscesses, and degenerative joint disease. Siegal-Willott, Amy Alexander, Ramiro Isazaįoot disease is a major cause of captive elephant morbidity and mortality. These delightful and useful elephant key chains are certain to be fast sellers when your clients are looking for gifts, favors or just doing some feel-good shopping for themselves.Jessica L. ![]() There is something for everyone! Each elephant is beautifully crafted from polyresin and hand painted in a golden metallic finish with a colorful blanket on the back. This magnificent display of 12 elephant key chains offer a choice of Wealth, Happiness, Good Luck and Prosperity. Your clients will love the appeal of the wild and the mystic attraction of elephants. An elephant with the trunk up is a symbol of good luck and your clients will be delighted to have a share!īring the luck of a wild elephant into your store and watch them fly off your shelves as gifts, favors and fun useful items.
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